初中英语语法:英语语法句子种类基础知识
句子的种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1. 凡是说明一件事情,提出一个看法,或者表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句,它可以用肯定式和否定式,句末用句号".",通常用降调。
掌握陈述句的肯定式和否定式的构成及用法。
e.g. We live in Tianjin. (肯定句)我们住在天津。
We don't live in Shanghai. (否定句)我们不住在上海。
注意:(1)在一般现在时的肯定式中,主语是第三人称单数时,动词要改成第三人称单数形式。
e.g. John studies Chinese very well.
(2)一般现在时和一般过去时的否定式要加助动词do (does), did.
e.g. I don't like swimming. 我不喜欢游泳。
He doesn't have lunch at home every day. 他每天不在家吃午饭。
They didn't play football yesterday. 他们昨天没有踢足球。
2. 掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句的构成、用法和答语。注意在一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句要加助动词do(does), did.
e.g. Do you often speak English at school ? 在学校你常讲英语吗?
Does she have a brother ? = Has she got a brother ? 她有兄弟吗?
Did it take you two hours to do your homework last night ?
昨天晚上做作业花了你2个小时吗?
What do you often do on Sundays ?
星期日你常常干什么?
When does your father get up every morning ?
你父亲每天早晨几点钟起床?
Why didn't your teacher come to school yesterday ?
昨天你们的老师为什么没来学校呢?
提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种,这种疑问句叫选择疑问句。结构是:"一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句",但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。说明or前面部分用升调,后面部分用降调。
e.g. Is her brother an artist or a doctor ?
她的兄弟是一个艺术家还是个医生?
Would you like tea or coffee ?
你愿意喝茶还是喝咖啡?
Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on Sunday ?
我们是周六还是周日去电影院?
反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见,但没把握,希望对方来证实。
注意反意疑问句的结构是:肯定的陈述句+否定的疑问句(缩略形式)
或:否定的陈述句+肯定的疑问句(缩略形式)
两部分的人称和时态要一致。
特别要注意否定的疑问句中的助动词必须缩写,主语(最后一个词)必须是代词而不能是名词。
e.g. Your sister has ever been to Shanghai , hasn't she ?
你姐姐曾经去过上海是吗?
The boys didn't find anything , did they ?
男孩子们什么也没找到/发现,是不是?
在回答反意疑问句时,要根据事实而定,事实是肯定的要回答Yes , …,事实是否定的要回答No, ….
e.g. He isn't going to the meeting , is he ?
他不去参加会,是吗?
Yes , he is . 不,他要去。
No , he isn't. 是的/对,他不去。
It didn't snow last week , did it ?
上周没有下雪,对吗?
Yes , it did. / No , it didn't. 不,下雪了。是的,没下雪。
3. 掌握祈使句的肯定式和否定式。祈使句没有主语。指让对方做某事,动词要用原形。表示请求,命令、建议等。
e.g. Go back to your seat , please. 请回到你的座位上去。
Don't make so much noise. 不要吵吵闹闹。
Let's go to school together ! 咱们一起上学去吧!
(let's是含有第一人称主语的祈使句)
Let him help the child. 让他帮助那个孩子。(let him是含有第三人称主语的祈使句)
注意:否定形式是Let's (us , me)+not +动词原形
e.g. Let's not say anything about it.
对于这件事,咱们什么也不要说了。
4. 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句,理解由What和How引导的感叹句的语序和感叹句的使用方法。How和What与所修饰的词放在句首,其它部分用陈述句语序。在口语中谓语常省略。
(1)how作状语,修饰形容词,副词或动词
结构:How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语
How nice the flowers are ! 花多漂亮啊!
How hard he works ! 他工作的多努力啊!
(2)what作宾语,修饰名词(名词前可有其他定语),单词可数名词前要加不定冠词a(an).
结构:What a (an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语
e.g. What a clever girl (she is )!
她是一个多么聪明的女孩啊!
What delicious food ! 多么好吃的食物啊!
句子的类型可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
简单句:The Simple Sentence由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。
e.g. I get up at six thirty in the morning.
My mother and I often go shopping.
并列句:The Compound Sentence 由并列词and , so , but , or等)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。要掌握并列句的构成及用法。
e.g. I help him and he helps me. 我帮他,他帮我。
This is our first lesson , so I don't know all your names.
这是我们的第一节课,所以我不认识你们。
She likes bread and milk , but she doesn't like eggs at all.
她喜欢吃面包和牛奶,但她一点儿也不喜欢吃鸡蛋。
复合句:The Complex Sentence 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。
e.g. If you are ill , you must see the doctor.
如果你病了,一定要去看医生。(状语从句)
I hope he's better tomorrow.
我希望他明天身体更好一些。(宾语从句)
熟练掌握宾语从句的`语序及关联词that , if / whether , what , who , which , whose , when , what time , where , how 等的用法,以及宾语从句的时态。
在复合句中作主句的宾语,叫宾语从句。
注意:宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句语序。
e.g. I asked him if he was a student.
宾语从句的时态呼应是:主句的时态是一般现在时,从句可以是任何一个时态。
如果主句的时态是一般过去时,从句必须是过去时态的一种形式。
当表示事实、真理、自然现象时必须用一般现在时。
e.g. The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。
请注意防止出现以下错误:
A. They said that they'll leave if Peter stays.
时态错误,应改为:They said that they would leave if Peter stayed.
B. He asked why were you late for school.
语序错误,应改为:He asked why you were late for school .
C. Her brother asked me whose book this was ?
标点错误,问号应该改为句号。
熟练掌握由when , before , after , as soon as , until , because , than , if , so …that等词引导的时间、原因,比较,条件、结果状语从句。
在复合句中修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等的从句叫作状语从句。
时间状语从句:
When she reached home , she had a short rest.
当她到家时,她休息了一会儿。
Judy had finished writing the book before she went to Queensland.
朱娣在去昆士兰之前已经写完了那本书。
I went to bed after I finished my article.
我写完文章之后才上床。
As soon as the bell rang the students, stopped talking to each other.
铃声一响,学生们就停止了谈话。
We won't leave until the headteacher comes back.
班主任回来我们才会离开。
原因状语从句:
The children went to the farm , because the farmers needed some help.
孩子们去农场是因为农民们需要帮忙。
比较状语从句:Jim is older than Lucy is.
吉姆比露西大。
条件状语从句:
If it rains tomorrow , we won't hold a sports meeting on the sportsground .
如果明天下雨,我们就不在运动场上开运动会了。
结果状语从句:
The box is so heavy that I can't lift it.
这个箱子太沉以致于我无法抬起来。
目的状语从句:
The headmaster spoke loudly so that all the students could hear what he said.
校长高声讲话为的是全体学生能够听到他所讲的话。
让步状语从句:
Although he is young , he knows a lot of things.
虽然他年龄小,但却认识许多事情。
状语从句的时态要与主句时态相互呼应。但要注意以as soon as , when , until等引导的时间状语从句表示将来的动作时,从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. He will write to me as soon as he gets to America.
他一到美国就给我写信。
When I see him , I will tell him this good news.
当我见到他时,我将告诉他这个好消息。
We won't leave until we finish our homework .
直到完成作业我们才会离开。
以if引导的条件状语从句假设的是将来的动作,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。
e.g. He will come to see me if he has time. 如果条件状语从句放在宾语从句中,时态则依照宾语从句的要求而变。
e.g. My mother said she would buy me a book if I studied hard.
我母亲说如果我努力学习,她要给我买一本书。
以because引导的原因状语从句不可能和so一起连用。
e.g. He didn't come to school yesterday because he was ill.
他昨天没来学校,因为他生病了。
注意防止出现以下错误:
A. I'm sure he'll ring you up if he will come back.
从句时态错误,will come应该改为comes.
B. Because he was tired , so he went to bed very early.
中文习惯用"因为……所以……",但在英语中because不能和so同时使用,应该去掉其中的一个。
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